“Data is an enabler,” said SAP chief marketing officer Alicia Tillman, at Fortune‘s Brainstorm Tech conference this week, but “it has to go hand in hand with this notion of behavior and intuition.”

She added that data can allow for a lot of insights into behavior, but deploying it effectively also requires “a fair bit of empathy.” Data also can’t replace personalized connections, she said.

Dani Cushion, chief marketing officer of Cardlytics, stressed that humans play an essential role in asking the right questions of the data sets they’ve compiled.

Cushion gave the example of a retailer, which was defining loyal customers as people who had visited its stores five times a year. But a closer look revealed that they were heavy shoppers of the entire category, not just that specific retailer. “They were not shopping with them more than anyone else,” she said. That insight let the retailer better target those frequent shoppers to turn them into actual loyal customers.

“It’s intuition but also making sure you’re looking at the right data, and making sure you don’t get stuck in the status quo,” Cushion said.

Frank Cooper, the global chief marketing officer of BlackRock, explained that rarely does an isolated incident impact behavior. “Influence comes from all sorts of places,” he said. He gave the example of retirement, which he said BlackRock believes has reached crisis levels across the globe. Cooper said that you need to get people to think about retirement in ways that are consistent with their lifestyle. Influencing that behavior requires a personalized approach, “but also nudging them.”