Payrolls increased by 559,000 last month after a revised 278,000 gain in April, according to a Labor Department report Friday. The median estimate in a Bloomberg survey of economists was for a 675,000 rise. The jobless rate dropped to 5.8%, while the labor participation rate was little changed.

Long-term treasury yields are little changed, the dollar declined and U.S. stock futures moved higher.

Employers are pressing to get headcounts in line with a resurgence in demand. May was an inflection point in the reopening of the economy because of increased coronavirus vaccination rates, more social activity and fewer business restrictions across most of the U.S. restaurants and bars reported the largest payrolls increase, with a gain of 186,000 jobs, the Labor Department’s report showed.

The payrolls gain still leaves the U.S. labor market 7.6 million jobs short of pre-pandemic levels. A broader improvement in the labor market requires faster job growth among service providers, like the leisure and hospitality industry, that have suffered a more lengthy disruption from the health crisis.

The number of long-term unemployed, those out of work for 27 weeks or longer, declined by 431,000 in May, the most since 2011 and suggesting that Americans who lost their jobs early in the pandemic are finally returning to work.

Political ramifications

The data may help assuage concerns at the White House that the labor market’s recovery had stalled and that policies such as extra unemployment benefits were keeping significant numbers of workers at home. More than 20 states have decided to end federal supplemental jobless payments early. At the same time, the uneven progress across industries suggests that challenges remain.

The recovery in employment may remain bumpy as childcare obligations, enhanced jobless benefits, skills mismatches and supply shortages impede hiring efforts.

The shortfall in the level of payrolls, along with views that recent inflationary pressures will prove temporary, help explain why Federal Reserve officials will hold the line on their ultra-easy monetary policy.

“Remaining steady in our outcomes-based approach during the transitory reopening surge will help ensure the economic momentum that will be needed as current tailwinds shift to headwinds is not curtailed by a premature tightening of financial conditions,” Fed Governor Lael Brainard said Tuesday.

The employment report also showed health care and education registered notable increases in jobs, while construction payrolls decreased for a second month.

In one sign of shifting demand, employment at grocery stores decreased for a third month as more people return to dining out.

Labor participation

The labor force participation rate, a measure of those working or looking for work and closely watched by the Fed, was 61.6% in May after 61.7%. It remains well below the 63.3% before the pandemic. The employment-population ratio ticked up to 58%.

Adding workers is “one of the most important issues because it is very difficult, particularly here in the U.S., to get labor,” Christopher Nassetta, chief executive officer at Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc., said on the company’s May 5 earnings call. “You just can’t get enough people to service the properties.”

Average hourly earnings rose 0.5% in May from a month earlier, to $30.33, the jobs report showed.

“The data for the last 2 months suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic may have put upward pressure on wages,” the Labor Department said in a statement.

Demographic groups

• The unemployment rate for White Americans fell 0.2 percentage point, while the rates for Black Americans and Hispanic Americans declined 0.6 percentage point.

• The labor force participation rate for women age 25-54 eased for a second month. The rate for men in that category was unchanged.

• Overall unemployment for women dropped to 5.5%, while the jobless rate for men decreased to 6%.

—With assistance from Kristy Scheuble, Liz Capo McCormick, Scott Lanman and Sophie Caronello.