But what do chief sustainability officers actually do? And why do they matter?

So, in this Impact Report, I set out to answer those questions. I spent much of the past month talking to chief sustainability officers of major global companies. Here’s what I found out:

First, there is no “one” chief sustainability officer. Since the role in many companies is barely a few years old, there is no template yet. Instead, four types of CSOs are emerging:

– The externally-focused CSO;

– The people-focused CSO;

– The strategy-oriented CSO; and

– The business-oriented CSO.

Let’s take them one by one.

The “external” CSO. This is the most common CSO profile: the one that combines their sustainability gig with leading public affairs. These CSOs engage with governments and other stakeholders, gain an understanding of their expectations, and make sure they are met inside the company. Companies with such CSOs include Coca-Cola, Takeda Pharma, Telefonica, Volvo, ABB, Trafigura, and more.

What would they do, for example? They would communicate the company’s policy on, say, CO2 emissions to the regulator; they would take note of the policies the regulator comes up with; and finally, they would inform their fellow executive committee members, and track the company’s performance back to the regulator and other stakeholders. These CSOs consider that the rules on sustainability are set by outside forces: government, regulators, advocacy groups, etc.

The “people” CSO. This is the CSO who spends a lot of time looking after people: employees and the communities in which a company operates. They often combine their title of CSO with one in HR, and their job is leaning a bit more towards achieving a sustainable “social” model. Companies with such CSOs include Hitachi, Siemens (though I’ll get back to this one), DP World, and Anglo American.

What would they do? They would spend time with “employee resource groups,” for example, asking them about their expectations of the company, whether on sustainability or social impact. They would then create a bottom-up approach to sustainability and impact, with more of an emphasis on people. They would emphasize that the company, in the long run, is nothing without them, and without a social license to operate.

The “strategy” CSO. This is the CSO who comes from a strategy and innovation background. They think about the big picture, speak to R&D teams, and come up with a new innovation, or strategy for the company to pursue. Companies with such CSOs include Iberdrola, BP, Shell, Chevron, SABIC, Schlumberger, PepsiCo, and AIG. (That’s a lot of energy companies!)

What would they do? They would get a mandate from the CEO to come up with a sustainable transformation plan. Say, we are BP, and we need to be net zero by 2050, while still having a viable business. In response, these CSOs would come up with a strategy (for example: turn the gas stations into electricity and restaurant stops) and get R&D and M&A teams involved. They realize that a sustainable economy requires them to transform and find a sustainable business model.

The “business” CSO. This is the CSO who is responsible for a specific business, including P&L responsibility. Companies with such a CSO (or similar role) include Bridgewater Associates, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, and Siemens. Many are financial companies: They typically have an established business model on sustainability, including green bonds and loans, ESG investment products, and so on.

What would they do? They would oversee, for example, a budget to deploy in “sustainable finance.” They would directly invest in green companies or bring customers together to invest in them together. They may oversee “green loans,” financing only net-zero projects, for example. Or they may create indices or other financial products that customers can invest in.

Of course, this is just a rough sketch of the CSO landscape. Some of the companies I named here, may disagree with the characterization of their CSO. Some others may wonder why I missed another category. But what is clear, is that the CSO role is in full development and growth.

My takeaway? I would say that a successful CSO (and a company with a successful sustainability strategy) needs a bit of all of the above in their CSO role. One company that to me stood out in this regard is Siemens. Their CSO, Judith Wiese, is both chief people and sustainability officer and also has P&L responsibilities for various geographies. She is also just one of five executive committee members.

For those reasons, in 2023, Judith is my “CSO role model,” and Siemens is the company to emulate.

More news below.

Peter Vanham
Executive Editor, Fortune Impact and Connect
@petervanham
peter.vanham@fortune.com

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