Waiting until the 11th hour to contribute

Investors have until their tax-filing deadline—usually April 15—to make an IRA contribution if they want it to count for the year prior.

Many investors squeak in their contributions right before the deadline rather than investing when they’re first eligible (Jan. 1 of the year before). Those last-minute contributions have less time to compound, and that can add up.

Assuming Roth IRA contributions are best

Funding a Roth instead of a traditional IRA may not always be the right answer.

For investors who can deduct their traditional IRA contribution on their taxes, and who haven’t yet saved much for retirement, a traditional deductible IRA maybe better. That’s because their in-retirement tax rate is apt to be lower than it is when they make the contribution.

Thinking of IRA contributions as an either/or decision

Deciding whether to contribute to a Roth or traditional IRA depends on your tax bracket today versus where it will be in retirement.

If you have no idea and your income allows you to make a deductible IRA contribution, it’s reasonable to split the difference and invest half in each.

Making a nondeductible IRA contribution for the long haul

If you earn too much to contribute to a Roth IRA, you also earn too much to make a traditional IRA contribution that’s tax-deductible.

The only option open to taxpayers at all income levels is a traditional nondeductible IRA, but this subjects investors to two big drawbacks: required minimum distributions (RMDs) and ordinary income tax on withdrawals.

Assuming a backdoor Roth IRA will be tax-free

The backdoor Roth IRA should be a tax-free or nearly tax-free maneuver in many instances.

But for investors with substantial traditional IRA assets that have never been taxed, the maneuver may be partially taxable, thanks to “ the pro rata rule.”

Assuming a backdoor Roth IRA is off-limits

Investors with substantial traditional IRA assets that have never been taxed shouldn’t automatically rule out the backdoor IRA idea, however.

If they have the opportunity to roll their IRA into their employer’s 401(k), they can effectively remove those 401(k) assets from the calculation used to determine whether their backdoor IRA is taxable.

Not contributing to an IRA later in life

Making Roth IRA contributions later in life can be attractive for investors who plan to pass the money on to their heirs, who in turn will be able to take tax-free withdrawals. After all, Roth IRAs don’t impose RMDs. Traditional IRA contributions will tend to be less attractive for older adults because they do.

Delaying IRA contributions because of short-term considerations

Investors might put off making IRA contributions, assuming they’ll be tying their money up until retirement. Not necessarily.

Roth IRA contributions can be withdrawn at any time and for any reason without taxes or penalty, and investors may withdraw the investment-earnings component of their IRA money without taxes and/or penalty under specific circumstances.

Running afoul of the Roth IRA five-year rule

All investors must satisfy the “ five-year rule,” meaning that the assets must be in the Roth for five years before they begin withdrawing them. And things get more complicated if your money is in a Roth because you converted traditional IRA assets.

So, get some tax advice if you need to pull money out of a Roth IRA shortly after depositing it.

Doubling up on tax shelters in an IRA

It also makes sense to avoid any investment type that offers tax-sheltering features itself. That’s because you’re usually paying some toll for those tax-saving features, which you don’t need because the money is inside of an IRA.

This article was provided to The Associated Press by Morningstar. For more personal finance content, go to https://www.morningstar.com/personal-finance