During the Aspen Ideas Festival last week, he highlighted the importance of the “essential economy”—which he defined as everything that gets moved, built or fixed—while saying blue-collar skilled trades have been neglected.

The U.S. spends too little on vocational training, which is also geared more toward 1950 than 2050, contributing to a decline in blue-collar productivity, Farley explained, though the carmaker has been investing in training.

Meanwhile, demand for skilled trades is expected to surge, and even the AI boom will require workers to build and service the facilities that provide all the computing capacity that’s needed.

There’s already a massive shortage of trade workers, he added, estimating a deficit of 600,000 in factories and nearly half a million in construction, for example.

“There’s more than one way to the American Dream, but our whole education system is focused on four-year [college] education,” Farley said. “Hiring an entry worker at a tech company has fallen 50% since 2019. Is that really where we want all of our kids to go? Artificial intelligence is gonna replace literally half of all white-collar workers in the U.S.” 

His AI warning was the latest from a top CEO about AI’s impact on the labor force, especially on office workers.

Last month, Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said the company’s corporate workforce will shrink in the next few years as a result of AI.

“We will need fewer people doing some of the jobs that are being done today, and more people doing other types of jobs,” Jassy wrote in a memo to employees. “It’s hard to know exactly where this nets out over time, but in the next few years, we expect that this will reduce our total corporate workforce as we get efficiency gains from using AI extensively across the company.”

In addition, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei told Axios in May that AI could eliminate half of all entry-level white-collar jobs, sending the unemployment rate as high as 20% in the next five years. The latest employment report showed the jobless rate was at 4.1% in June.

There are already signs that AI is threatening the types of jobs that historically have served as stepping stones for young workers.

LinkedIn’s chief economic opportunity officer, Aneesh Raman, pointed out in May that AI tools are doing the types of simple coding and debugging tasks that junior software developers did to gain experience. AI is also doing work that young employees in the legal and retail sectors once did.

For his part, Ford’s CEO sought to draw attention to the opportunity in skilled trades, noting that more Americans are considering trade school versus a four-year college.

“We all sense that America can do better than we are doing,” Farley said last week. “We need a new mindset, one that recognizes the success, the importance of this essential economy and the importance to our vibrancy and sustainability as a country.”