As part of a deal to drop the charge, the American aerospace company has agreed to pay or invest an additional $1.1 billion in fines, compensation for the crash victims’ families, and internal safety and quality measures. The agreement also lets Boeing choose its own compliance consultant rather than appointing an independent monitor.

Prosecutors alleged Boeing deceived government regulators about a flight-control system that was later implicated in the fatal flights. The ruling comes after an emotional hearing in September in Fort Worth where relatives of some of the victims urged U.S. District Judge Reed O’Connor to reject the deal and instead appoint a special prosecutor to take over the case.

O’Connor wrote Thursday that the deal “fails to secure the necessary accountability to ensure the safety of the flying public.”

Still, he said, the court can’t block the dismissal simply because it disagrees with the government’s view that the deal serves the public interest. The Justice Department has said a trial risks a jury verdict that spares Boeing from further punishment. The judge also said the government hadn’t acted in bad faith, had provided reasons for the dismissal and had met their obligations under the Crime Victims’ Rights Act.

All passengers and crew members died when two 737 Max jetliners went down less than five months apart in 2018 and 2019 — a Lion Air flight that plunged into the sea off the coast of Indonesia and an Ethiopian Airlines flight that crashed into a field after taking off from Addis Ababa.

The long-running case has taken many twists and turns since the Justice Department first charged Boeing in January 2021 with defrauding the U.S. government, including a failed deal that would have required the company to plead guilty. That plea agreement fell through after O’Connor did not approve it.

In a statement issued after the ruling, Boeing said they were committed to honoring their agreement with the Justice Department, as well as “continuing the significant efforts we have made as a company to strengthen our safety, quality, and compliance programs.”

The Justice Department has said the families of 110 crash victims either support resolving the case before it reaches trial or did not oppose the deal.

Meanwhile, nearly 100 families have opposed the agreement. More than a dozen relatives spoke at the Sept. 3 hearing, some of whom traveled to Texas from as far as Europe and Africa.

“Do not allow Boeing to buy its freedom,” said Catherine Berthet, who traveled from France to ask the judge to send the case to trial. Her daughter, Camille Geoffroy, died in the crash in Ethiopia.

The yearslong case centers around a software system that Boeing developed for the 737 Max, which airlines began flying in 2017. The plane was Boeing’s answer to a new, more fuel-efficient model from European rival Airbus, and Boeing billed it as an updated 737 that wouldn’t require much additional pilot training.

But the Max did include significant changes, some of which Boeing downplayed — most notably, the addition of an automated flight-control system designed to help account for the plane’s larger engines. Boeing didn’t mention the system in airplane manuals, and most pilots didn’t know about it.

In both of the deadly crashes, that software pitched the nose of the plane down repeatedly based on faulty readings from a single sensor, and pilots flying for Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines were unable to regain control. After the Ethiopia crash, the planes were grounded worldwide for 20 months.

Investigators found that Boeing did not inform key Federal Aviation Administration personnel about changes it had made to the software before regulators set pilot training requirements for the Max and certified the airliner for flight.

The first civil trial over the crash in Ethiopia opened in federal court in Chicago on Wednesday. The jury has been tasked with deciding how much Boeing must pay the family of one of the victims. Like a number of other passengers, Shikha Garg, a United Nations consultant, was on her way to attend a U.N. environmental assembly in Kenya.

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