That competition is playing out not just in Silicon Valley and Shenzhen, but also on university campuses. Beijing has been steadily building an AI powerhouse of its own at Tsinghua University—challenging the cutting-edge tech dominance of the U.S. Ivy League.

Tsinghua has produced more of the world’s 100 most-cited AI research papers than any other school, and the university generates more AI-related patents each year than MIT, Stanford, Princeton and Harvard combined. Between 2005 and the end of 2024, Tsinghua researchers filed 4,986 AI and machine-learning patents—including more than 900 last year—according to LexisNexis data analyzed by Bloomberg.

Still, the U.S. maintains an edge. American institutions hold many of the most influential AI patents, and according to Stanford’s 2025 AI Index Report, the U.S. has produced 40 “notable AI models” compared to China’s 15. However, the Chinese models have rapidly closed the quality gap.

“There’s a lot of enthusiasm for AI and machine learning within government, industry and academic circles,” Jun Liu, a former Harvard professor who joined Tsinghua this year to lead the school’s new statistics and data science department, told Bloomberg. “The draw of AI talent is due to capital, and the Chinese government’s support for scientific research, including in AI and related areas.”

China is building a massive AI talent pipeline—and U.S. companies are tapping it

China’s tech strategy doesn’t start at the university level—the country has begun teaching the foundations of AI to students as young as six. This fall, schools in Beijing rolled out at least eight hours of AI instruction per academic year, covering topics like how to use chatbots and other tools, general background on the technology, and AI ethics.

That early focus has helped China build out a vast tech workforce. China graduated 3.57 million STEM students in 2020—compared with 820,000 in the U.S.—according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies. State media has since reported that the number could exceed five million annually. (China’s population is more than four times that of the U.S.)

American tech companies have taken notice—and rushed to snatch up Chinese talent. Over the summer, Meta announced a new Superintelligence Lab aimed at building a machine more powerful than the human brain. All 11 founding researchers were educated outside of the U.S.—and seven were born in China, according to The New York Times.

A 2020 Paulson Institute study found Chinese AI researchers made up nearly one-third of the world’s 100 top AI scientists—most of whom worked for U.S. universities and corporations. Follow-up research from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace found that despite rising geopolitical tensions, 87% of those researchers have continued working in the U.S.

As Matt Sheehan, an analyst who worked on both studies, put it to the NYT:

“The U.S. AI industry is the biggest beneficiary of Chinese talent.”