“Europe’s a mess for petrochemicals today,” Ratcliffe said in an interview with Bloomberg TV. “Everybody’s leaving petrochemicals in Europe, which I’ve never seen in my working life before.”

Europe’s soaring energy costs after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine forced swaths of capacity to close, pressured by output from regions where production was cheaper, particularly Asia and the US. Ratcliffe said energy prices in Europe are five times higher than those in North America, making production in the region uneconomic. 

Chemicals are key to the supply of plastics and products that are used in everything from textiles to electronics and construction. As well as being pivotal to industrial growth, the sector accounts for almost 10% of European manufacturing, with about 597 billion euros ($640 billion) of sales before the downturn.

Since 2022, there has been a spate of cuts to chemicals capacity in the region. BASF SE is curbing operations at Germany’s biggest chemicals site. Exxon Mobil Corp. is mothballing its operation at its biggest oil-processing plant in France, while LyondellBasell announced a review of its European operations in May.

Ratcliffe, who is Britain’s second-richest man with a net-worth of more than $15 billion, said Ineos’s own profits have mirrored the shift, with the majority of earnings now coming from the US. Twenty years ago they mostly came from Europe, he said.

Over 70 business and industry leaders, including Ratcliffe, earlier this year called on the European Union to cut energy costs and the regulatory burden of green rules to help the region remain competitive. Parts of the chemicals sector won’t currently be included in the bloc’s carbon border adjustment mechanism when it comes into effect, a scheme designed in part to protect the region’s industry. 

“Energy is really important for an economy at the end of the day,” he said. “Places like America are in a great place for manufacturing because they’ve got cheap energy, they’ve got no carbon taxes.”

Permanent Closures

The comments mirror those from major industry groups, who have warned that Europe’s chemical output has plunged. 

“Production has collapsed massively in the last two years,” a spokesperson for VCI, Germany’s chemicals lobby group said. Production has over the last two years fallen to levels not seen since the global financial crisis and will likely never recover to where it was before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, they said. 

It’s worth noting that the picture isn’t entirely one-sided.

Ineos is investing in an ethane cracker — one of the types of plant involved in making plastics — in Antwerp that’s set to become operational in mid-2026. Other petrochemical-focused units are also expected to come online in Europe in the next few years, according to Mohamed Chilmeran, research analyst for oils & chemicals at Wood Mackenzie Ltd.

Still, when considering Europe’s overall petrochemical capacity, closures will outpace additions going forward, Chilmeran said.

The crisis is also far from confined to mainland Europe, with the UK also seeing a collapse in its chemicals output. Ineos operates the Grangemouth chemicals plant in Scotland, but Ratcliffe said the nation’s industry has all-but collapsed. 

“There’s not much chemical industry left in the UK,” Ratcliffe said. “It’s finished.”